Know the facts to prevent heat stress Published Aug. 10, 2010 By Rod Krause 5th Bomb Wing Ground Safety MINOT AIR FORCE BASE, N.D. -- Summer means hot, humid weather. The phrase "heat stress" refers to a group of heat-related illnesses that include heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke. These problems stem from the body not being able to keep itself at its proper operating temperature due to excessive external temperatures. The potential for problems is present when the environmental temperature is close or exceeds normal body temperature, making it difficult for excess heat to escape the body. In an effort to keep the body at a normal temperature, the blood vessels expand to carry more blood to the upper layers of skin and away from active muscles, the brain and other vital organs. This effort results in fatigue and a decline in alertness. The problem is compounded when high humidity is added to the situation. The more moisture already present in the air, the more difficult it is for sweat to evaporate. That is why in instances of high humidity, one may feel more uncomfortable than if the temperature is higher and the humidity is lower. The temperature doesn't have to be hot for these conditions to occur. They can occur in a confined area with little or no air circulation or when one wears protective equipment, increasing the workload and restricting movement. Types and treatment of heat stress: Heat cramps - Heat cramps are painful spasms of the muscles, caused by excessive sweating during strenuous activity, which depletes the body's salt and water. Cramps usually occur in the legs, arms and abdomen. Stop activity, and sit in a cool place. Drink water and liquids, such as sports beverages. Seek medical attention if cramps are not gone in one hour. Heat exhaustion - Heat exhaustion is the body's response to an excessive loss of the fluids and salt contained in sweat. Signs are pale and cool skin, heavy sweating, heat cramps, tiredness, headache, nausea, weakness, dizziness and giddiness (the victim may appear drunk). Move to a cool place, lie down with feet elevated and drink fluids such as sports beverages. Seek medical attention when symptoms are severe or not gone in one hour. Heat stroke - Heat stroke occurs when the body becomes unable to control its temperature. The body's temperature rises rapidly, the sweating mechanism fails and the body is unable to cool down. Signs are red, hot and dry skin (no sweating), rapid pulse, headache, dizziness, nausea and confusion. This is an emergency situation. Call for an ambulance, move to a cool place, cool the victim rapidly with cool -- not ice-cold -- water, fan, give fluids if conscious and be prepared to give CPR. Prevention of heat stress: -- Don't exercise, work or stay in high heat environments when the temperature or the humidity is high, especially the hours between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. -- Allow for regular breaks and pace oneself by starting slowly and gradually picking up the pace. -- Even though a person may not feel thirsty, avoid dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids (water) before, during and after heat exposure and avoid alcohol -- Wear wide-brimmed hat and loose-fitting, long-sleeved, light-colored clothing. -- Be aware that many medications and illnesses may increase heat-related risks -- Know that infants, children, older adults and overweight people are at higher risks -- Don't use salt tablets; normally salt food instead. -- If feeling symptoms, immediately seek shelter and aid.